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First language = “L1” = “mother tongue” = the language obtained during childhood (irrespective of formal education). Monolingual = someone who speaks only their first language. They are “native speakers” of their “native language”. Simultaneous / native bilingual = someone who acquires 2 languages informally during childhood. Often the parents speak 2 different languages and the family lives in a monolingual environment. Multilingual = someone proficient in two (bilingual) or more languages |
Now these are only broad categories and the borders between them are a bit hazy.
For example, how proficient do I have to be in my second language to qualify as “bilingual”? Am I bilingual if I speak German and English fluently, or do I also have to write equally well in both languages?
What if I am an ace linguist, but although I’ve mastered my second language brilliantly I didn’t learn it as a child? - Can I still be bilingual?
When it comes to “bilingualism” even the experts don’t even seem to agree:
| - For some linguists, multilingualism (which includes bilingualism) implies an equal level of fluency and control in each language, whereas for others it also includes a lesser level of proficiency, e.g. just being able to get by in more than one language. - Linguists appear to largely agree that, even amongst simultaneous bilinguals, the speaker will be more proficient in one of the two languages. - According to Wikipedia, generally linguists believe that “native speakers of a given language have, in some respects, a level of skill which a second (or subsequent) language learner can never reliably accomplish”. |
So, should I translate from English to German too??
Not being bilingual myself, I find this a tricky subject. My gut feeling is that you should only translate into your mother tongue. But warning - This is a controversial topic and I have no wish to query the abilities of many good translators out there!
If you are a native English speaker, have learnt German as a second language and translate German into English, like me – then this is probably the language direction you should stick to.
If you are a simultaneous German English bilingual who grew up speaking both German and English (and have a natural affinity for language and the necessary education!) then you may well be a candidate for translating in both directions. Remember, language proficiency depends on more than simply growing up speaking more than one language; it is also determined by your own linguistic ability, the linguistic environment in which you live or grow up, and your education.
Which means, in the end, only you will know how proficient you are.
| TIP! Check the qualifications...my Diploma in translation from the Chartered Institute of Linguists is specifically for the language combination from German to English. If a German translator is also qualified in the opposite direction, i.e. from English to German, then you can be confident that the German translation they produce will be of a professional standard. |
Other considerations?
We’re back to context again.An important part of understanding a language is understanding context. This is something intangible, something you pick up unconsciously, usually by living in that specific cultural environment. Which means that, for us, if you also plan to translate from English to German, are you sufficiently confident of understanding all the nuances of your texts? Have you lived/been immersed in a German-speaking environment for a sufficiently long period?
Take, for example, job references. They are a linguistic minefield in German – specific phrases have very exact meanings, and there is no leeway whatsoever. Translate a reference incorrectly and there can be legal ramifications. This is not the case in English where references don’t reflect such a defined linguistic scheme. (Here is a great article on the subject.)
Another example is rude words. I still find it hard to truly “feel” how bad some naughty words or expressions are! (Solution? Stay polite!) I didn’t grow up using these expressions and lack the innate understanding of how/when/where they are used/not used.
On the other hand, if you are a technical translator, translating only specialised technical texts, then you will be largely working with a set body of accepted, technical, specific terminology and phraseology (medical, biological, IT, metallurgical etc. etc.) for which there are “standard”, recognised translations. As a specialist in such as field, I would think that being able to translate English and German in both directions would be an extremely valuable asset.
Well enough from me on this topic. I hope it’s given you some food for thought and maybe a clearer idea about what to say when you’re next asked to translate from English to German!
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